huaca del pueblo batangrande
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huaca del pueblo batangrande

Abarca varios restos de pirámides monumentales construidas en adobe, así como otras estructuras como conjuntos habitacionales, murallas y canales. Two types of mounds are found in the Lambayeque Valley dating to the Sicán. The term huaca can refer to natural locations, such as immense rocks. "Peruvian Black Pottery Production and Metalworking: A Middle Sican Craft Workshop at Huaca Sialupe. Para obtener el trono de la isla había pedido ayuda al dios del mar, Poseidón, quien le había entregado un toro blanco para que sacrificara en su honor. ‘This is the main discovery regarding the Mochica civilisation in the last ten years, as Úcupe was the main centre of the Mochica in Zaña Valley,’ said Edgar Bracamonte Lévano, an archaeologist in Walter Alva’s team, based at the Royal Tombs of Sipán Museum.  De acuerdo con informes no publicados del Museo de Sitio, cuando se [4] The Middle Sican culture is marked by distinctive characteristics in six areas: art and ideology, crafts and technology, funerary customs, long-distance trade, religious cities and monumental temples, and the structure and authority of the state (Shimada 2000, p. 52-61; Shimada 1985, p. 365-369). Perhaps the ancestor cult and aggrandizing of the elites caused too much resentment. Based on the latest discoveries at Úcupe and past findings in Huaca Dos Cabezas and Sipán, the team suspects that there were two key moments in Moche history. el lado Este. De esta huaca queda una tercera parte. Pero lo que sucede al norte de Lima, en Puente Piedra, podría cambiar -literalmente- la historia de estos valiosos vestigios: un grupo de vecinos decidió defender la huaca Tambo Inga de la delincuencia y de la irresponsabilidad de las autoridades locales, para lograr su supervivencia. Al Saberlo Su Padre Le Prohibió Ir A Misa Y De Sitio Casarla Con Un Español Viejo Y Rico. [2][13], While the Sican ceramics and metallurgy are vastly studied, agriculture during the Middle to Late Sican may have been linked to their increasing craft production. Resolving this promises to help answer the key question of the organisation and nature of the Moche civilisation across the northern Peruvian coast. 2004) Also, the principal personage of the East Tomb at Huaca Loro wears a mask identical to the Sicán Deity, which is another reference to his relationship to the Deity and the divine. Pero no sólo las proporciones monumentales son impactantes: las murallas en talud han sido construidas precisamente al borde de las fuertes pendientes, con sólo una angosta acera de aproximadamente un metro de ancho que separa la construcción del precipicio. Se ha contado también con profesionales de distintas especialidades y distintos países como Cuba, Inglaterra, Alemania, Hungría, Japón, Perú, España, y EEUU. The Sican inhabited a coastal territory near the La Leche and Lambayeque Rivers. especialmente fragmentos de cerámica y conchas de mariscos. The sheer size and grandeur of the monumental mounds built above the elite tombs would have been awe-inspiring to Sicán citizens and a symbol the divine nature of the figures buried below. In the foreground, work is under way at the recently discovered tomb chambers, which lay just metres from where the Lord of Úcupe was discovered. Middle- and high-status burials both contained the black ceramics, while only the social elite had access to the precious metal object; therefore, metalworking probably was given production preference by the elites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 47). Esta fue parte de la capital del Señorío Chincha. En su interior se han llegado a contabilizadas 36 pirámides prehispánicas.Una de las pirámides a resaltar es la Huaca del Oro, donde se desenterró el Señor de Sicán en 1995 y la conocida máscara de oro. Other mythical depictions from the Middle Sican continued in the Late Sican and reflect the revitalization of the religion going back to tradition relationships with nature. The second type is a relatively tall mound with steep sides and a zig-zagging ramp to provide circuitous access to the mound top. Little wonder, then, that the man became known as the Lord of Sipán. construido con adobes plano convexos, al igual que el edificio religiosa prehispánica, pero al mismo tiempo puede generar un. El uso que debe de haber tenido el “anfiteatro” diversifica las funciones del complejo arquitecturado, emplazándose estratégicamente en la agreste topografía del yacimiento calizo. Inició así el proyecto Arqueológico Batán Grande- La leche, transformándose luego en el Proyecto arqueológico Sicán, cuyo fundamento era (y es) el estudio de la zona mediante piezas artísticas y excavaciones. [4], Sicán art is representational in style and religious in nature. (Cabecera de Agua) o La Leche . "Middle Sican Multicraft production: Resource Management and Labor Organization." La función principal del museo es la de constituirse como un centro de investigación que profundice los estudios de la cultura Sicán y de otros desarrollos culturales de la región Lambayeque. 2004) The power of the elite of Sicán society is demonstrated not only by the amount, quality, and diversity of exotic and status goods accumulated in the tombs, but also by the amount of time and labor that would have gone into making and acquiring them. El This T-shaped area is defined by monumental mounds of Huaca Loro, El Moscón, Las Ventanas, La Merced, and Abejas built between around AD 900 and 1050. [2] There was little or no repair of the destruction of Sican, and further damage was inflicted by El Nino floods around 1100. Existen diferentes posturas en cuanto a la. The discovery included numerous offerings of ceramic pottery and copper ornaments, indicating the high status of the buried individuals, and is helping shed light on the structure of Moche civilisation in the middle Moche period of AD 300-500. 2004, p. 370) The funerary rites and rituals performed by the living lineage members served to further reinforce their lineage identity and the three-way relationship between the divine, the dead, and the living elite. The variety of grave goods suggests the wide range of power of the Middle Sican elite. The aforementioned shrines, which are found throughout the Inca territory from Ecuador to Chile, may be as simple as stones piled in a field ( apachitas ) or as complex as stepped pyramids that were once topped with canopies and carved images. It appeared to be a predecessor to the related faces of the Sican Deity and the Sican Lord of the Middle Sican culture. So what about the burials themselves? Tiene aproximadamente 50 x 40 m. y 10 m. de altura, Vista aérea del CC. The history of Lima can be traced back to long before its foundation by the Spanish in 1535. Ceramics allowed for a medium to convey political and religious ideology in the forms of storage vessels, architectural ornaments, cooking vessels, sculptures of the Deity or animals, and other types proliferated during this period. través del pueblo de Túcume. En la planice entre las pirámides vivió el pueblo. relativamente bien conservado, de tierra fina de color gris, sin This black-finish ceramic style began in the Moche culture prior to the Early Sican, and shows the sharing of cultures in the region. ‘In this case, the baby would never have used that mask, so the objects clearly were offerings to the baby.’. Sur : Estribación andina que colinda con Pátapo. "An Integrated Analysis of Pre-Hispanic Moruary Practices: A Middle Sican Case Study. La ingeniería de la construcción merece atención aparte: si las murallas hubieran sido verticales, su vida útil quizás hubiera sido muy corta. Other grave goods include a vessel depicting a possible shaman, a necklace made from a Spondylus shell that came from the Ecuadorian coast, plumes, a large copper mask over the baby’s chest/stomach, and two complete sacrificed llamas. El personaje principal fue enterrado sentado, mirando al oeste. Located 500m away, on the opposite side of the city, is the Huaca de la Luna, where religious functions were held, with the oldest of its two temples dating to the earliest days of the Moche culture. 2004). The face consisted of bulging eyes, a hooked beak or triangular projection instead of a nose, stylized ears, and no mouth. They can be found in downtown Lima today in almost every district, the city having been built around them. acceso adicional. Una sentada frente a la otra que estaba echada con las piernas abiertas, la cual era de más rango. Por tal motivo, esta institución se dedica a exhibir, investigar, proteger, difundir, conservar y promover la Cultura Sicán tanto en territorio nacional como en el extranjero, contribuyendo así a preservar el legado cultural peruano, fortalecer la identidad regional y a desarrollar la actividad turística en beneficio de la localidad. Features such as sculptural representation and the minimization of number of colors (one to three), were common among the art of many earlier cultures that flourished on the north coast of Peru. The woman’s precise social standing is unknown, but her ornaments are associated with the Moche nobility. Se puede acceder por la estructura norte. Together, these characteristics provide evidence that the Sicán culture had a highly productive economy, clear social differentiation, and an influential religious ideology. Datos de Huaca Brava Para el centro poblado de Huaca Brava tenemos la siguiente información relacionada a su. En el lado Norte, se aprecia una de la base del edificio, hacia las propiedades rurales vecinas. The elites were the mediators between the common people and the Sican Deity, as the Sican Deity was the mediator between nature and the Sican people. ¿Qué es una leyenda? Calgary: The Nickle Arts Museum, Shimada, Izumi. From remains found in the archaeological locations, researchers have determined that this culture maintained commercial exchange with people from present-day Ecuador (shells and snails), Colombia to the north (emeralds and amber), Chile to the south (blue stone), and the eastern basin of the Marañón River (seeds of gold). propósitos descriptivos, el primer sector ubicado hacia el lado Sur, en They succeeded the Moche and preceded the Inca Empire, the historical civilization that encountered the Spanish explorers and conquistadors. Las cartas annuas de los jesuitas inciden con frecuencia en que las piedras huacas se conservaban [15][18], Túcume took on the religious and ceremonial prestige as the site of Sican claimed during the Middle Sican. Ruta de acceso. Social stratification and hierarchy is also evidenced through the variation in quantity and quality of grave goods associated with those of different social status. You can only visit with a tour guide, but an English tour was beginning just as we arrived; our guide was engaging and knowledgeable. Su asociación física con Cerro Blanco (antiguo yacimiento de cobre y arseno-pirita ubicado a un kilómetro de distancia hacia el este), y con Cerro La Huaringa (taller principal de procesamiento metalúrgico de bronce arsenical), hacen de “La Calera” un enclave estratégico y un proyecto de ingeniería que mantuvo el control de la producción industrial de bronce y laboreo metalúrgico de oro, plata y tumbaga (oro con cobre). Ésta data del siglo XVI, fue construida por frailes agustinos y está dedicada a San Juan Bautista -aunque también se venera al arcángel San Miguel-. La Huaca del Sol (el nombre significa santuario o Pirámide del Sol) es la pirámide de barro más grande en el continente americano RF 2G5GT1J - Los Templos del Sol y la Luna en Trujillo, Perú, son Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la UNESCO RM GT3G7P - Huaca del Sol , el templo del sol, pirámide de adobe, Perú. Esta pirámide conformada por grande murallones y plataformas superpuestas formó parte del complejo arqueológico del Curacazgo de los Maranga. Datos de Puente Batangrande Antiguo. el Este de la rampa de acceso, que llega muy cerca de ella. [18], For the archaeological site of the previous. Inevitably, the man has become known as the Lord of Úcupe, but he was also memorably nicknamed the ‘King of Bling’ by Canadian archaeologist Steve Bourget, who excavated the tomb. Some huacas have been associated with veneration and ritual. Shimada suggests that the canals at Pampa de Chaparri were developed by the Sican as part of an agro-industrial complex marked by an increase in mining and smelting operations, settlement growth, and the expansion of agriculture. The term huaca can refer to natural locations, such as immense rocks. animales vacunos. Es una inmensa plataforma con diversos patios y plazas. El centro poblado Huaca Brava se encuentra ubicado en la región Lambayeque. 2005; Shimada et al. iluminación nocturna. Con anticipación podrá planear excursiones y rentar caballos.  A pocos metros de la fachada Este, se encuentra un edificio piramidal se llevan a cabo en el estadio local, ubicado hacia el lado Oeste del Presenta una temperatura media de 24º C, y una precipitación anual de 64 mm, este bosque, durante siglos, fue el centro de desarrollo de la cultura Sicán(700/1300 DC), evidencias se conservan dentro del bosque. Over two decades later, another remarkable tomb was discovered at Huaca El Pueblo, an eroded adobe pyramid site, near the city of Úcupe in the Zaña Valley of Lambayeque province, about 750km north of Lima and approximately a dozen kilometres from Sipán. This second type also featured an enclosed structure at the top of the mound, likely for private rituals, whereas the first type of mound was likely for public rituals (Shimada 2000, p. 60; Shimada, Shinoda, Farnum, Corruccini, Watanabe 2004, p. 388). Parmi ces nombreuses pyramides ou huacas, les plus remarquables sont : la Huaca del Pueblo ou Huaca Grande (située à l'extrémité est de la ville de Túcume). Marías hacia el Oeste, la calle Prolongación San Marcelo hacia el Other iconography, such as of the sun and moon, symbolizes the importance of duality in both human and celestial life. especial desarrollo cultural y turístico vinculado directamente con la de Puente Batangrande Antiguo, con vista de calles y vista satelital con detalles sobre lugares y el turismo local . Después de cocinar el gato vivo tenia que sacar hueso por hueso, diciendo ¡este es? The ceramics uncovered at the two sites also show stylistic similarities, including shape, polish, design, and decoration. contemporáneo con la etapa media del conjunto de pirámides Fue uno de los centros administrativos y ceremoniales de la cultura sicán o lambayeque, y data del siglo XI de nuestra era. También destacaron en la ingeniería, elaborando complicadas redes de irrigación. . La distancia desde Chiclayo es de 41 kilómetros y se hace en 45 minutos. Huacas within the municipal district of Lima are typically fenced off to avoid graffiti. [4] These avian features are related to Naylamp, the key figure in Sicán mythology. Disfruta de una ciudad precolombina, hasta el clima de una linda playa. The catastrophic changes in weather were thus linked to the Sican Deity, mainly to the failure of the Sican Deity to mediate nature for the Sican people. There, the desert is broken by glacier-fed rivers flowing from the Andes, and it was the Moche’s ability to irrigate these valleys that sowed the seeds of their success. [16] After 30 years of uncertainty in respect to nature, the temples that were the center of Middle Sican religion and elite power were burned and abandoned between 1050 and 1100. El centro poblado Puente Batangrande Antiguo se encuentra ubicado en la región Lambayeque. Es la huaca más extensa de la costa del Perú. Al terminar de clavar la tercera cruz debía encender una hoguera para echar a cocinar el gato negro. El trabajito era que para ser brujo tenía que irse para el monte por los lados de Graciano, atravesar el monte, llevar un gato negro, clavar tres cruces; una a la entrada del monte, otra más allá, más o menos en la mitad y otra cruz a cierta distancia. Updates? de diámetro) y gran cantidad de tocados de oro. A Antes de entrar a la Huaca del Sol visitamos el Museo de las Huacas de Moche. The structures at Túcume cover 540 acres (221 hectares) and the main attractions of the site, which is about an hour by car from Chiclayo, include Huaca del Pueblo, Huaca las Balsas, and Huaca Larga which is 2,296 feet (700 meters) long and the largest structure at the site. Algunos habitantes de Veracruz aún se acuerdan de los grandes enfrentamientos, entre la policía y los delincuentes, que se dieron en los años setenta, narrados en las . ubicadas en torno a Cerro Purgatorio. Ejemplos de Mitos. ---------------------------------------------- Página 6. 2004). Around 800, the Sican created the city of Poma, located at Batán Grande, in La Leche Valley. This Sican occupation at the irrigation system points to its construction during the Middle Sican.  Hacia el lado Este y Noreste de este primer sector, existe un Arqueología del Perú. Es considerado como uno de los lugares de mayor atracción turística de la región. The Huaca del Sol is an enormous adobe (mud brick) Moche civilization pyramid, built in at least eight different stages between 0-600 CE at the site of Cerro Blanco in the Moche Valley of the northern coast of Peru. Right in the heart of Miraflores and San Isidro, respectively, stand the imposing Huaca Pucllana and Huaca Huallamarca, which were built to serve as ceremonial and funerary centers by the ancient Lima culture. Antecedentes. Sican material culture, such as ceramics and metallurgy, unrelated to religion or politics did not suffer a severe change during the Middle Sican to Late Sican transition. Icons include felines, fish, and birds that were secondary to the Sican Deity during the previous era, but were also linked to previous cultures in the area. La construcción es íntegramente en barro, y al igual que en Túcume, se hacían construcciones secundarias, lo que significa que sobre una construcción existente volvía a construir otra, superponiendo planos espaciales. Huaca Pucllana itself, however, was built around 500 AD. Batán Grande ya había sido habitado durante la época . This is the period of the Sican's “cultural florescence,” and is marked by the emergence of various cultural innovations, some of which were unprecedented in the local area. The tombs date to AD 300-400 and include burials of a man, probably a military leader, with a baby and woman interred together in a neighbouring chamber. In, Hayashida, Frances M. "The Pampa de Chaparri: Water, Land, and Politics on the North Coast of Peru. The Huaca El Pueblo Archaeological Project, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Programs and Initiatives, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Resources, Department of Art and Art History Staff & Faculty, Department of Theatre and Dance Staff & Faculty, School of Design and Creative Technologies Staff & Faculty, Minor in Arts Management and Administration, Undergraduate Degree Guidelines and Four Year Plans. A huaca could be built along a processional ceremonial line or route, as was done for the enactment of sacred ritual within the capital at Cusco. Otras dos huacas cercanas -La Cumbe y Tambo de Mora- son los otros restos de esta urbe prehispánica. These include a gold face-mask, headdresses, necklaces, and three sets of exquisite earspools (see CWA 35). Esto nos permite identificar, para propósitos descriptivos, el primer sector ubicado hacia el lado . Huaca Pucllana, Huallamarca and Pachacamac Tour (From $92.00) Huallacmarca Pyramid & Larco Museum - Footprints of the past (From $82.06) Specialized Tour in Private: Amano Museum and Huallamarca Pyramid (From $70.84) Private Transfer from Santo Domnigo Airport to Hotel Zones (From $57.50) See all Huaca Huallamarca experiences on Tripadvisor -------------------------------------------- Página 5.  El sitio puede ser definido como un conjunto monumental en el que Esta duna de arena fue utilizada además 17, 000 habitantes, incluídos sus 10 anexos. They helped to bring unity and common citizenship to often geographically disparate peoples. [2][6] The Sicán Lord was probably meant to represent an earthly alter-ego of the Deity. The Lambayeque culture may have been a separate trading people as well. Regístrate para leer el documento completo. By the time of the Chimú conquest of the Lambayeque region in 1375, there were 26 major mounds and enclosures. Workshops, such as the one found at Huaca Sialupe to the west of Batán Grande, likely had both pottery and metalworking production sites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 45). Masks and decorations display the same style, but it is not a form found in Sipán. Túcume became the new religious and ceremonial center of the Sican. Descripción. Cabe destacar que dispone de una extensión de terreno que comprende 120 hectáreas. Kinti Editores . Cuadernos de Investigación del Archivo C. Tello n°1 UNMSM, 1999 Villacorta, L.F., M. del Carpio y Vargas, J.L. Patricio Barría. como cantera, razón por la cual se aprecia una gran depresión hacia Fueron muy bueno arquitectos, destacando en el manejo del adobe al momento de construir sus pirámides truncas. Es considerada la estructura de adobe más larga. Está compuesto por 20 pirámides truncas que alcanzan alturas superiores a los 30 m y se complementan con grandes plataformas. El lugar está rodeado de una inmensa calma, propicio para el descanso y la aventura. ", Shimada, Izumi and John F. Merkel. Later authors believe the form is Mochica Ñañlap, of which the first part is ñañ "waterfowl"; a connexion has been made between the Moche and Chimú cultures and the empire of Chimor and the Mochica language. Este, hacia el lado Este y el médano a todo lo largo del lado Este. algarrobo que se mantienen escasamente en las fachadas y que son Se manifestó entre los siglos VIII - XIV d.C y ocupó el territorio el actual territorio del departamento de Lambayeque, llegando a extenderse por casi toda la costa peruana en su periodo de mayor apogeo. algarrobo y una construcción de adobe sin techo y abandonada. Visita el pueblo Túcume y conoce sus majestuosas pirámides, se encuentra a 15 minutos del Ecolodge, en la parte baja del valle "La Leche", al noroeste de Perú fundado por el pueblo Sicán o Lambayeque. El punto de inicio del tramo (Batangrande) se ubica en la carretera LA - 547 (a 21.9 km de la salida del distrito de Pitipo - Ferreñafe). 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", Iperu, tourist information and assistance, "Archaeologist investigates legend of mythical ruler of ancient Peru", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sican_culture&oldid=1114837575, Cavallero, Raffael and Izumi Shimada. [1] Tala Canta Ilabe was the last Inca who celebrated Inti Raymi in its Ushnu . No evidence of metalworking at the large sites has been uncovered, such as the Middle Sican capital Sican or elsewhere in the Batán Grande area, but the precious metal objects were clearly for the elites. Looters had been in the process of ransacking the site, when a disgruntled member of the gang tipped off police. Huasca de Ocampo se encuentra en del estado de Hidalgo dentro del Corredor Turístico de la Montaña, 30 km al noreste de la ciudad de Pachuca, al borde noreste de la Sierra de Pachuca, donde colinda al extremo oeste con el valle de Tulancingo. Conoce la Parroquia de San Juan Bautista. basurales en su entorno. Dr. Bourget has worked closely with Art History division graduate students on this project, providing them with professional field experience. Vessels carrying similar scenes were also placed next to the baby, perhaps reflecting an element of the Moche belief system about the cycle of life and death. Their works shows shared motifs in the artifacts recovered. The site is built on 220 hectares around the La Raya Mountain. This should shed light on whether the Sipán and Zaña Moches belonged to the same population. principal. They also could have controlled the transport methods in addition to the goods being traded. pequeña sección una altura de 2.5 m. y 1.5 m. de ancho, que puede Incas elaborated creatively on a preexisting system of religious veneration of the peoples whom they took into their empire. [2][6] The great amounts of smelting and/or metalworking sites found in the Lambayeque region point to the convergence of major factors to allow such an occurrence: accessible ore deposits, extensive forests for hardwood to make charcoal, pottery making tradition using efficient kilns, gold working tradition that formed the basis for later metalworking technology, and a demand for goods by the elites (Shimada, Goldstein, Wagner, Bezur 2007, p. 339). The highly polished black finish ceramics from the Early Sican bloomed in this later phase, along with metallurgy; however, the ceramic technology used in the Middle Sican developed over 2500 years from local pottery production techniques (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 26). ley 29571, código de protección y defensa del consumidor, decreto legislativo 1309, proceso de compras en una empresa ejemplo, carritos hot wheels mercado libre, computrabajo panaservice, adornos de árbol de navidad, basset hound precio en lima, porque es importante la participación electoral, linfoma estadio 4 esperanza de vida, tesis de arquitectura gratis, carne de cerdo desventajas, modelo de nulidad de acto administrativo, yahoo, el banco interamericano de desarrollo, experiencias de aprendizaje 5to grado primaria 2022 agosto, cuantos wins tiene itzy, receta de tres leches tradicional, ejemplo de como redactar una carta, trabajo de suficiencia profesional universidad continental, polo alianza lima mujer, título de propiedad de una casa, somos el primer espermatozoide, roperos armables de melamina, comprensión lectora pdf secundaria, la algarrobina es malo para el hígado, green point cusco carta, issuu tesis arquitectura, funciones de un director de escuela primaria sep, arctic monkeys merch perú, s04 s2 práctica calificada 1 quimica, resumen del el secreto de las siete semillas, trabajos de tecnología mejor pagados, requisitos de un producto exportable, contratos administrativos públicos, parámetros ems fortalecimiento muscular, dibujos a mano alzada para principiantes, jason carver estatura, plan de tesis unsa ingenieria civil, ciencias políticas pucp, que decia aristóteles de la política, universidad roosevelt, programación curricular anual de matemática secundaria 2022 en word, valor nutricional del pollo a la brasa, estudios contables piura, fundamentos de la didáctica mapa conceptual, 20 ejemplos de método científico, polos saga falabella hombre, mousse de mango kiwilimón, malla curricular de nutrición y dietética, sistema de trámite documentario mtc, tablas de parrilla personalizadas, tina de baño para adulto portátil, convocatoria sunarp san martín, club campestre con piscina, maestrías tecnología médica, interactiva maria reyna, desarrollo sostenible o sustentable, drec callao mesa de partes virtual, clasificación de lauren cáncer gástrico, software para mypes perú, ejemplo de relato cotidiano corto, universidad del pacífico mensualidad administración, , libro de disposición de planta pdf, causa del aluvión de 1970 en perú, manualidades de las 10 plagas de egipto para niños, dolce capriccio miraflores dirección, tecnología en el comercio ejemplos, lavado de alfombras lince, citas clínica jesús del norte, partes de un pavimento rígido, gobierno regional de lima, cuy frito con picante de papa cajamarca, arturo "zambo" cavero, horario de misas en miraflores, leyenda del tunche para niños, plan de negocios pastelería saludable, portal de atención al ciudadano drelm, muñequera tendinitis farmacia, ludus perú aula virtual, transición demográfica argentina, culata de motor chevrolet spark,

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